26 October 2009

童言童语

几天前,我家自在形容他的老师。。。
记得他是这么说的:teacher Winne很像狮子。。。

我问他为什么?那妈妈不就是母老虎。。。
那你是什么?
他说:因为我们是兔子啊。。。她会咬我们。

曾几何时,校园变成动物园,
小孩的话语,说出他的心声。

老师真是难为啊。。。
父母又能说什么。。。

有一位老师,名叫小明

改学生的作文,题目是《永不言弃》,
多么有励志性的主题啊。。。

可是,就有位学生写着:有一位从中国来的老师,名叫小明。
天啊,这位同学,你在说笑话吗?

我在空白的地方写:为何是小明?而不是小华?
称呼老师要使用姓氏,才有礼貌哦。。。。

记得我读小学时,每次到了说话课,
总会有人说笑话,用的不外乎是小明或是小华,
惹得大家哈哈大笑。。。

这是篇比赛的作文耶。。。
看得我不由得也大笑起来。。。。
哇哈哈哈

毕业有感

这年头,很少毕业典礼合照时,还向教导过的老师们行礼,
然后,大声地说:谢谢老师。

更令人感动的,还向父母们行礼,也说:谢谢爸爸妈妈。
当时,我的眼泪,差一点飙出来。。。

谢谢同学们的合作与懂事,
你们真的长大了,相信在场的老师和家长们,一定很开心,
没有白疼你们。。。

我在人群中,也大声地说了。
谢谢大家啊,今后各奔前程,再会了,我亲爱的同学们。。。

現在小學語文太難了?

一道題目要求把以下四句話用關聯詞連接:
1、張海迪姐姐癱瘓了;
2、張海迪姐姐頑強地學習;
3、張海迪姐姐學會了多門外語;
4、張海迪姐姐學會了針灸。

正確答案應該是:

張海迪姐姐雖然癱瘓了,但頑強地學習,不僅學會了多門外語,而且還學會了針灸。


結果有一個孩子寫:

雖然張海迪姐姐頑強地學會了針灸和多門外語,可她還是癱瘓了。



發現更多更猛孩子寫道:(最後那個爆強~~):

張海迪姐姐不但學會了外語,還學會了針灸,她那麼頑強地學習,終於癱瘓了!


張海迪姐姐之所以癱瘓了,是因為頑強地學習,非但學會了多門外語,甚至學會了針灸!


張海迪姐姐是那麼頑強學習,不但學會了多門外語和針灸,最後還學會了癱瘓!


張海迪姐姐學會了多門外語,學會了針灸,又在頑強學習癱瘓!


張海迪姐姐通過頑強學習,學會了多門外語和針灸,結果照著一本外文版針灸書把自已紮癱瘓了。

美好的智慧饗宴

柯老師:雖然我們這些第一屆的中文系畢業生,沒機會修您很多課。但是,所有的譐譐教誨,猶言在耳。

這是一場美好的智慧饗宴,很高興我沒有缺席,也收獲豐富。天下沒有不散的筵席,去年,我提早畢業,但感覺還在南大繼續讀書,這是很幸福的一件事。

“人生总是有许多尝试,其中也有许多冒险与挫折。"喜歡老師的鼓勵話語,希望將來我們這一屆的同學們,也能這麽鼓勵別人。是啊!人生的道路,崎嶇多變,要小心,慢慢走,跌倒了再爬起來,勇敢向前。

“做個有信心的老師“,是老師給我的臨別贈言,謝謝老師,謹記且感動在心中。

南大的三年,吾愛吾師,也結交不少志同道合的伙伴們,願大家多聯絡,友誼萬歲!

老師的十二樣見面禮

「這些東西可能是多餘的。但老師希望當你看到這些東西時,想起他們象徵的訊息。」

第一件牙簽。挑出別人的長処。
第二件橡皮筋。保持彈性,每件事情都能完成。
第三件OK綳。恢復別人以及自己受傷的感情。
第四件鉛筆。寫下你每天的願望。
第五件橡皮摖。everyone makes mistakes and it is OK.每個人都會犯錯,沒関係的。
第六件口香糖。堅持下去就能完成工作。而且當你嘗試時,你會得到樂趣。
第七件棉花球。提醒你這間教室充滿和善的言語與溫暖的感情。
第八件巧克力。當你沮喪時會讓你舒服些。
第九件面紙。to remind you to help dry someone's tears.幫別人摖干眼淚。
第十件金線。記得友情把我們的心綁在一起。
十一,銅板。 to remind you that you are valuable and special. 提醒你,你是有价值而且特殊的。
十二,救生圈(救生圈型糖果)。當你需要談一談時,可以來找我。

「在新學期開始那天,你希望從老師那裡獲得怎樣的十二樣禮物呢……」

25 October 2009

make a difference ---watch and learn

幕后花絮

最后一堂课

最后一堂课是我们呈现我们的作品,
谢谢老师的指导,
也谢谢大伙的努力。

我喜欢我们拍的录影,
虽然演技不好,
可是是美好的回忆。。。。

20 October 2009

沒禮貌比沒專業更糟

是什麼決定有人得到青睞,有人卻只留下嘆息?是「禮貌」。它是企業家看人、用人的線索,它在第一時間決定留給對方的關鍵印象。

在美國銷售超過百萬冊、掀起討論風潮的《優秀是教出來的》(The Essential 55)一書作者隆.克拉克(Ron Clark),是唯一被美國總統接見過3次的小學老師。他最為人稱道的,莫過於不論本來成績、操行如何,他都能讓學生脫胎換骨,從問題小孩變成優等生。克拉克的55條規則中,第1條是「遇到人要主動稱呼」;第2條是「當別人說話,看著他的眼睛」; 第3條是「如果別人有出色表現,不要吝嗇鼓掌恭喜他,應該持續3秒,角度要剛好」......。瞧,這些原則放在職場上,不是一樣適用?

沒有人不期待伯樂跟貴人出現。是什麼決定有人得到青睞,有人卻只留下嘆息?

是「禮貌」。它是企業家看人、用人的線索,它在第一時間決定留給對方的關鍵印象。什麼樣的禮貌只有50分,什麼樣的禮貌卻有120分?職場上,如何透過好禮貌種下機會與成功? 犖! 堣l?沒有人否認專業與內涵是職場最重要的通行證,但問題是,往往還來不及亮出來,對方已「砰!」地一聲將大門關上。沒有人不渴望遇見伯樂或貴人,但事實可能不是他不來,而是明明已走到跟前,卻被你自己擋駕。


有一張無形的網,比學歷、能力更早橫跨在機會之前,它決定你是廣結善緣,四處播下好運的種子;或是連舞台出現都渾然不覺,還把它拒之門外。這是讓人意外的兩個字、記憶中久違的兩個字、有些「八股」的兩個字,但卻是威力驚人、效果神奇無比的兩個字。它是小學教的第一課,卻也是最多老闆抱怨員工不及格的科目----它的名字叫做:「禮貌」。


今年8月,《Cheers》雜誌針對超過4千位上班族進行調查,結果發現「禮貌」高居主管眼中「七年級表現最需加強的部份」第2名(49.0%),僅次於「抗壓性」(58.1%),甚至遠超過「執行力」(21.1%)、「應變能力」(16.5%)與「國際觀與外語能力」(6.7%)。


沒有「不拘小節」這回事

耐人尋味的是,七年級生自己也同意這項觀察。在他們自我評估「有待改進」的特質上,「沒禮貌」同樣排名第2。禮貌的影響力有多大?在關鍵時? 銵! A它造成的結局差異,可能遠超過你的想像。


去年勞委會職訓局調查492家企業,其中33%表示,即使條件再好,都不會把「自以為是狂妄自傲」的求職者列入任用考慮;27%與20%的企業更明白表示,不會錄用「表達遲鈍不知所云」及「不懂禮貌」的人。美國人力資源顧問公司Vault剛完成今年度的面試禮儀調查,數字也顯示:70%的企業主管只要對方遲到超過15分鐘,就會自動將他貼上「不合格」標籤。同樣高的比例還包括面試中撥打手機、突然離席超過10分鐘等等。反過來說,禮貌與成就間的正向關係,則愈發明確。去年底,美國《財星》雜誌對7,590位美國人的統計說,年薪超過10萬美元的高收入者與人爭執或犯錯後,道歉的比率是年薪2萬5千美元者的兩倍。


這不是風格至上、特色當道的年代嗎?為什麼「小節」突然又變得如此重要?當每個人每天見面的人愈來愈多、平均一人被分配到的時間愈來愈短;當愈來愈多企業家體會用才決策中,「人品」更甚於能力時,禮貌好壞自然成為底定第一印象的要素,是能夠最快「見微知著」,判別人才的線索。


沒禮貌比沒專業更糟

例如台積電董事長張忠謀在不同場? X? ˊ芧L「收訊力」─ 傾聽的力量:「常常有人問我成功的原因為何,我想我『收訊』的能力已培養了很多年,」他歸納成功之道時指出。


10年前,張忠謀在交通大學對高階經理人授課時,特別提到他與人對話時進行的「收訊力測驗」:「第一個看我講話時,他會不會打斷我?」張忠謀說:「打斷話的人既不禮貌也對自己不利,因為他打斷我,以為知道我接著要講什麼,可是90%他都猜錯。」統一企業董事長高清愿,是另一個善於從小處識人品的例子。


統一企業內部文化非常講究守時,過去擔任董事長的台南幫大老吳修齊在世時,即使90高齡,出席任何場合仍必定準時到場。就算因為突發狀況晚到,也一定會事前通知對方,細心致歉。以他為表率,包括高清愿、統一超商總經理徐重仁,在企業界都以準時知名。「守時就是人與人相處的一種信用,代表的是言而有信、說話算話」,高清愿曾這麼說,「慣常遲到的人,行事風格也可能較為懶散、馬虎,個人的信用,一定常被人打折」。正因為可以「由小窺大」,一個人禮貌好,經常比刻意演出的成績更容易讓人記住。


曾任? s? D主播、目前是電台節目主持人、美食作家的吳恩文自己開設了一家顧問公司,他選人時,禮貌權重甚至排到第一。因為站在老闆的立場,「我可以教你技能,沒辦法教你教養」吳恩文指出,一句話道破許多企業主共同的心聲。其實,很多人之所以會誤沾「沒禮貌」的標籤,未必真是人格本質不好,有時是不小心,有時是輕忽,認為「沒有也無所謂」,有時則根本是因為「不知道」。


永遠不會有「下一次」

暢銷書作家吳若權最近到南部一家企業授課,每次到高鐵站接他的都是同一個小夥子,臉色愛理不理、態度冷淡。這反而激起吳若權的好奇,因此總會刻意和他攀談幾句,看看他有什麼反應。前兩次,吳若權都覺得「碰到釘子」,直到第3次,這個年輕人才突然冒出一句:「吳老師,我覺得你人很好。」對年輕的世代,吳若權發現他們普遍不習慣主動與人互動、不擅長「察言觀色」,反正「有事你來問我就好」。另一個心理因素則是認為「第1次不熟、不需要」。「但職場上很多事是沒有第2次、第3次的,」吳若權語重心長地說。


台灣大哥大副總經理莊財安也有類似經驗。開! 車! 載下屬出去,「他們不管你,上車直接坐上後座,突然間我就變司機了。」或是面談時大剌剌癱在沙發裡、吃飯時用叉子插起麵包就啃,新生代不知道、也不覺得這樣做失禮,受到提醒時還會非常驚訝。


有個故事,莊財安整整記了30年,一直讓他自我惕勵。當年他從台灣師範大學畢業時,校長對所有應屆畢業生說:「有同學寫信給我,請我幫他介紹工作,我看到信就不想幫他了,因為信上寫著『某某某校長敬啟』。哪有人叫別人看信,還得恭恭敬敬?」


從這個故事出發,莊財安分析,建立禮貌得經過3個階段:

先「知 道」,具備通用禮儀的知識,才不會誤用鬧笑話;
再來是「觀察」,注意別人、尤其是前輩如何待人接物;
最後才是「練習」,透過生活具體實踐。
只要有心,學會「禮儀」並不難,至少可以做到「不失禮」,但一個人會被認為「有禮」、「好禮」,甚至成為一種個人魅力與人際競爭力,絕對是來自更高的境界。

簡! 單! 地說,就是5個字:「心中有別人」。

有趣的是,這層含意早默默藏在英文字「禮節:etiquette」的字源由來裡。"etiquette"出自法文,原意是「牌子」。為了保護凡爾賽宮美麗的花園,法國人特別立牌提醒民眾不要隨意破壞。久而久之,本來的「請勿進入」開始擴大內涵,除了指稱「合宜的應對進退」外,更進一步解釋為「不要輕率踐踏人們內心的花園、「舉止言行讓人感受親切與溫暖」。



頭銜愈高,確實愈有禮,愈成功的企業家,在禮貌上嚴以律己的程度,反而愈讓人吃驚

像亞都麗緻集團總裁嚴長壽,他寫紙條交辦部屬工作,從來都用「請您」開頭,平時極少疾言厲色。即使訓斥,語氣都非常和緩。從擔任嚴長壽特助開始,已共事12年的亞都麗緻大飯店營運副總經理范希平由衷說:「非常佩服他的修養。」說是「修養」,因為嚴長壽待人接物的細節裡,處處可以見到對人性的理解和尊重。


范希平剛當上嚴長壽特助時,與另外兩位助理在辦公室裡接電話,總習慣先說「請問您哪裡找?」先確認來人身分後,再轉接給嚴長壽。有一天嚴長壽聽到,突然慎重交代:「不要問對方『哪裡找』,! 不! 管是誰,都先說我不在。」「知道你是誰,再告訴你總裁不在,你會怎麼想?」范希平頓時學到一課:就算說話再客氣,多了這個「打量身分地位」的動作,都等於在傷害對方。


長期在嚴長壽身邊耳濡目染,後來甚至因此左右范希平的生涯抉擇。曾經有位企業家大老想來挖角,約范希平吃飯,整個過程都非常禮遇客氣(假的,這種有求於人的演戲之企業界老闆非常多 ),卻在最後對方叫司機到車上拿資料時,不經意破口大罵:「你這腦袋裝大便啊!跟你講放在裡面,怎麼會找不到?比豬還笨!」「要是我為你做事,你罵我不也這樣罵?」這一念讓范希平決定繼續留下,如今這位大老的企業王國已然崩塌,范希平卻在亞都麗緻一路歷練到獨當一面,又何嘗不是另一種「以小窺大」!


在嚴長壽帶領下,禮貌早已成為亞都麗緻的DNA,但他要求的不僅止於「顧客至上」,更是「客人至上」:「即使沒光顧,只要踏進亞都麗緻,就是客人。」即使明知道他只是進來借廁所、吹冷氣,仍然必須以禮相待。


我們經常問:「有禮」跟「虛偽」有什麼不同?答案並不複雜,禮貌的「動機」與「一致性」,就是檢驗的準則。


有禮,貴人自動上門來!

大家都知道對大人? 垠! n有禮貌,但是面對跟業務不相關、看來不起眼的小人物呢?

真正見過世面的人都知道:「山水有相逢」。今天再微不足道的某人,都有可能在未來某個時刻變成你的「貴人」,扮演「臨門一腳」的角色。


在東方,最傳神的詮釋莫過於兩千多年前,張良為「圯下老人」黃石公撿鞋的故事。若不是張良三番兩次、耐著性子忍受黃石公的無理喝斥為他服務,又怎會贏得青睞,得到《姜太公兵法》,成為漢朝的開國功臣?在西方,一樣因此出現戲劇性的歷史轉折。


19世紀,有一對老夫婦專程到哈佛大學拜訪校長,兩人衣著樸素廉價,祕書馬上判定不可能帶給哈佛什麼「好處」,當下冷冷回答:「校長很忙。」「我們可以等,」老婦人回答。幾小時過後,校長總算不耐煩地出現。老婦人說:「我們的兒子曾在哈佛讀過一年,很喜歡哈佛。但他去年因為意外過世,因此我們想在校園中為他留下紀念。我們想捐棟大樓給哈佛。」「你們不知道建棟大樓要多少錢嗎?我們學校的建築物超過750萬美元,」校長輕蔑地說。同時心想,這樣應該可以把兩人打發走了吧?「只要這麼多?那我們為什麼不乾脆自己蓋棟學校?」只見老婦人轉頭對老先生說。老先生正是當時著名的鐵路大亨史丹福,? 茷! 嶁茬o個學校,就是孕育無數人才、成為矽谷創新引擎的史丹福大學(Stanford University)。


誰說貴人、機會不來敲門?當你這樣抱怨的時候,不妨想想,是不是哪天因為自己的粗魯無禮,不知不覺把他們趕走?

吳恩文認為「很多生意是來自於信任,很多信任是來自於尊重,」吳恩文說, 為什麼有些人就是人緣好、運勢佳?說穿了,無非是透過這些點點滴滴。用心當個「好禮人」,讓身邊多點貼心的感激,少點「你那什麼態度啊!」的抱怨,受用無窮的絕不是別人,最終還是你自己!


---再跟你們說個故事;多年前,好友的父親(富商)在一天穿著汗衫及短褲進入BMW代理商公司,一進去,就說,我要訂2台BMW,馬上被業務員轟了出來....


記得: 禮貌是一種習慣,平常就要強迫自己養成.即使對不起眼的人都不可失了禮貌....

18 October 2009

關於設計一個教法 史英

關於設計一個教法 (史 英 摘自人本教育札記141期)

  設計一個教法,也許就是一般所謂的「教案設計」。

  一、追尋非凡的意義

    設計一種教法之前,最重要的,就是要找出教那個東西的「意義」。關於「意義」,
    我們已經說過很多,在這裡,還要針對「教法」,再多說一點。

    我們以為,教學上最大的危機,就是教者感到「無奈」。所謂無奈,有很多可能的來
    源,可能是長期工作的倦怠,可能是來自學生方面的挫敗,但最可怕的,是教者自己
    也認為「教這個有什麼意思」!

    比如說,教小孩秤重量,非專業的人,例如父母,都會覺得很無聊:這有什麼好教的
    嘛,教這個要幹什麼,秤給他看、多看幾次就可以了;然後就急著叫小孩認秤上的刻
    度,計算重量等等,再不然就叫小孩反覆操作秤重的動作。

    成人的這種感受,並不完全是由於不了解小孩認知發展的過程,或不尊重小孩學習的
    程序,更可能的是,他自己也不知道秤重量有什麼意義。一般人心裡所想的,無非就
    是量體重、量斤計兩地買菜這種生活常識,或將來學得更高深時總要用到。

    但是,這種生活常識有什麼意思呢﹖將來要用到的時候難道還不自然就會了﹖這之所
    以教的人會感到無趣、無奈、無聊、沒精神!

    反過來說,如果我們找到了重量的意義,而且最好是一種「非凡」的意義,情況就完
    全不同了。在還沒開始教之前,老師就會有一種深切的期待,有時甚至會像小孩期待
    上學一樣,等著開學,為什麼呢﹖只因為急著要把一個非凡的意義,在學生面前展示
    出來,讓他們打開眼界,大吃一驚!

    抱持著這樣的心情的,恐怕很難不是一位精彩的老師;而無論怎樣難教的學生或長期
    的工作,要讓他倦怠,可能也不容易!

  二、建立在題材義意上的教法

    教學內容的非凡的意義,不只是讓教者「活過來」,也直接影響到他的教學方法。

    例如,要怎樣把乘法表介紹給學生呢﹖拿給他看﹖拍成幻燈片放給他看(視聽教學!
    )﹖印成卡片聖誕節的時候寄給他(生活化!)﹖撕成一條一條的,每天發一小條﹖
    發一張空白表格讓小孩自己填(學習單!)﹖這些當然都不是不可以,然而,無論是
    教者還是學者,不會感到有點無聊嗎﹖

    如果我們把乘法表「界定」為小孩學習乘法的記錄(這是所謂的意義,也許不是那麼
    的「非凡」),或者說是「小孩的日記」,那麼,接下來的工作就很明顯了。一定是
    針對某些數的相乘,要有一些乘的方法,而在學這些方法的時候,自然就有了相乘的
    結果,這才會有記錄的必要。

    這樣一路想下來,一個步驟引發前面或後面的步驟,整個教法就慢慢成形了。

    一般的說法,是強調「教學目標」,這當然是極為重要要的,沒有目標,怎麼知道要
    教什麼﹖更不必提怎麼教了。但是,單純講教學目標,容易流為空洞。

    比如說,重量這一課的教學目標,就是教重量的比較;乘法表的教學目標,也許就是
    介紹乘法表。這樣,這目標二字,不是說了等於沒有說嗎﹖

    我們以為,教學目標,還不是設一個教法的開始,而是從屬於題材意義的第二步工作
    :先找到了要教的題材的意義,接下來,我們才能想清楚要定怎樣的目標。乘法表(
    在那個階段上)是要背、還是不要背﹖要學天平還是用彈簧秤﹖

    換言之,教學目標,應該是在確定了題材的意義之後,具體要教會小孩的東西。在沒
    有確定題材的意義之前,教學只能處在「沒有目標」的狀況下,還大書特書什麼教學
    目標呢﹖

    當然,我們絕不以為一個題材,只能有一種意義,無論非凡與否。不同的人,當然會
    在同一個東西上看出不同的意義來。所以,從某種角度來說,我們根本上是反對使用
    固定的課本的,因為,課本,都只反應了編者的觀點,但教學,卻要發揮教師的自主
    性。不過,這當然是另外一個話題了。

  三、追尋題材意義的一個原則

    讀者可能會懷疑,要怎樣才能找到要教的題材的意義呢﹖

    我們相信,主要是要思考這個題材最質樸、最原始、最自然、最根本的那一面。可以
    思考的方法,則是提出這樣的一些問題:

    人「最初」是怎麼發現這個東西的﹖

    這個東西,在最「原始」的狀態下,是怎麼對人發生意義的﹖

    這個東西,最「根本」的道理是在那裡﹖

    人在最「自然」的情境裡,怎麼接觸到這個東西﹖

    這樣想,可以剝除許多表面的現象,而那些現象是受時代或生活習慣所左右的。例如
    ,說到重量,人們第一個想到的是體重;但這根本是這個時代的時代病症:吃得太多
    ,動得太少。在原始叢林裡,才沒有什麼人在乎體重呢!

    又例如說到對稱,人們第一個會想到摺紙或剪紙,但這實在不夠「質樸」,而是相當
    文明(甚至是學校的)的產物;玉於鏡子,或水中的倒影,也並不直接和對稱有關,
    直到人們想要對比影像和實物;在最自然的情境裡,人之所以注意到對稱,大概是因
    為某些東西翻過來看的樣子,會和原來的有一種關係,而讓人產生了極大的好奇。

    又如三角形,三角形本身並不是很「自然」的,但它的道理卻非常「根本」,因為,
    它是邊數最少的(直線)多邊形,因而也是其它多邊形的基本組成成份(任何多邊形
    都可以切割成多個三角形)。

    類似以上的思考,都會幫助我們慢慢地發現那些習而不察的題材,到底能有什麼意義
    ,而且,這樣追尋到的意義,經常會是發人深省的,因而也是非凡的。

  四、設計教法的幾個原則

    確定了要教的題材的意義,並根據這樣的意義定好了教學目標,就該進入設計具體教
    法的階段了。在這個部分,我們提出幾項原則:

    (一)拓展生活經驗

    教學的方法,不能不建立在孩子既有的經驗上;我們不能直接讓小孩接觸項無法想像
    的東西。

    然而,教學也絕不是重覆小孩已有的經驗,若是如此,也就無須教學了。

    所以,教學的方法,總是要讓小孩從生活的經驗中,前進一步,或者付予它新的意義
    ,或者經由它而發現新經驗。

    例如,拿著一些零錢去商店買東西,這是多數小孩已有的經驗。但他可能是把一把錢
    往櫃台一放,就等著老闆的誠實處理;他也可能已經知道只要拿出足夠的十元幣即可
    ,而不必傾囊相授。教學就可以將這兩種方式並陳,讓小孩做一種選擇。

    第二種方式,也許目前還不是他的經驗,但經過對比之後,就拓展了他的經驗;如果
    再把這種拓展了的經驗,轉化成減法的直式運算,那就是同時賦與了新的意義,又發
    現了新的經驗。

    (二)返樸歸真

    然而,在小孩已有或將有的各種經驗裡,有時候可以有許多選擇。我們的意見是,和
    追尋意義的原則一樣,最好的選擇,往往是那些質樸而原始的。

    所謂質樸而原始,並不完全是指「不屈服於現代文明或流行」,也是指更接近「原意
    」,而所謂原意,當然是指已經確立了的題材的意義。

    例如,彈簧秤當然是小孩最普遍的生活經驗,但它不夠質樸。比較質樸的,當然是天
    平;但小孩反而沒有天平的經驗。所以,寧可再設計更上游的經驗(如人挑扁擔,或
    兩手提水桶),再來引出天平。事實上,「比較重量」就比「看彈箕秤上的公斤數」
    更質樸而自然,而天平就是不必講求「量」而直接進行比較的工具。

    (三)設計猜想,引發反駁

    有的題材,或某題材教學中的某個環節,並不都能服膺質樸原則,因為,一旦經驗被
    拓展之後,小孩就已經進入文明。這個時候,最重要的是啟發思辯的能力。

    人對一項道理的認識,基本上是「辯證」的;總要透過一個「詰辯」的過程,人才能
    真正懂得。所以,教學應該提供這種詰辯的機會。

    我們以為,最好的方式,可能是提供一種錯誤的猜想,讓小孩用各種方式去推翻它;
    或者是提供一種困境,讓小孩去突破它。

    有些人會以為,困境會給小孩挫折,錯誤的猜想會造成小孩錯誤的印象。但是,除非
    只看到學習中的記憶,否則為什麼那麼害怕印象﹖除非只看到學習中的操演,否則為
    什麼那麼害怕挫折﹖

    也就是說,做一件事一直做不出來,會讓人有挫折,但想一件事,一直想不出來,卻
    讓人覺得興奮,大家不都很愛看推理小說嗎﹖記一件事,一直記不起來,是應該避免
    錯誤印象的干擾,但認識一件事,越有錯誤猜想來對比,越是能夠認識得清楚。

    例如,提供一個放反了的幻燈片,設計成一種因為放反了而想不透的情境,要比直接
    拿正放的畫面去對比,要更能發人深省。又如,先讓學生以為月亮盈虧是由於被地球
    擋住了(錯誤的猜想),再讓他們發現半月的邊緣,除了原來的半圓外,竟是直線,
    就反駁了擋住的說法(地球是圓的,陰影的邊綠不能是直線)。

    當然,這些方法,除了符合知識發展的規律,更有製造驚奇的效果,而好奇心是學習
    動機的主要來源。

    (四)給小孩留下自學和自主的空間

    有人說,最好的教學,是根本不教。

    這裡的不教,當然是指狹義的,傳統的,單向灌輪式的教;而絕不是放牛吃草。但是
    ,即使是採取了啟發式的教學,這個「不教」的主張,還是發人深省的。

    如果我們能設計一種情境(因此已經擺脫了放牛的嫌疑),讓小孩可以自主地學,連
    安排好的活動、討論都沒有,只要真的學了,那不是更美好嗎﹖

    這種教學的最高境界,我們也許不敢奢望,不但因為我們的小孩並非愛彌兒,也因為
    我們也並非盧梭︵註︶。然而,這並不表示我們不可以心嚮往之。一種好的教學,一
    定是時時記得要給小孩留下自主和自學的空間。

    最土笨的方法是,在某個適當的時機,準備了合理的材料,教者一句話也不說,一點
    解釋也沒有,任何指導都不給,只是讓學生自己看資料。也許有人以為這對年齡較小
    的孩子並不適用,然而我們以為,這並不是可以一概而論的。

    主要還是要看題材的性質,如果是指導性和示範性很強,而又不太涉及細緻的思辨,
    那麼讓小孩自己看的效果,有時反而大於教師的解說。當然,因為學生年齡的考慮,
    最好還是在閱讀之後補上討論。

    比土笨法稍微高明一點的,也許是安排一種可以讓小孩自由自主表達的,真正開放的
    問題。這當然並不容易,因為,教學的設計要能有收尾的把握。

    無論如何,凡此種種,都可以說是響往「不教」境界的努力。

    (五)教小孩怎麼學

    教學二字,有一種解法是「教學生怎麼學」,這也是具有深意的。

    一種好的教法,總是不但教了本來就要教的東西,又能也教學生怎麼學這樣東西。這
    就好像那句俗語所說的,不但給了魚,還給了釣桿。

    例如前面談到讓學生自己閱讀,本來是為了讓學生有自學的機會,但如果事後再和學
    生研究他閱讀的過程,並協助找出他之所以讀不懂的原因,以及解決的方法,這後面
    一階段的功夫,就是「教學生怎麼學」了。

    其實,廣義來說,凡是「教」,都應該是示範「怎麼學」,只是有的時候,這種示範
    並不明顯,甚或被其他的目的所掩蓋。所以在設計教法的時候,要時時地想到,學生
    是否能因為這種教法,而學到自己要怎麼學。

    尤其當兩種教法在設計時相互競爭的時候,我們也許不選擇快速達到目標的那一種,
    而刻意選擇比較迂迴的另一種,因為,後者更能讓學生體會到該怎麼學。

    結語

    如果教學是一種藝術,設計教學,就是藝術的藝術。以上所談的,當然不能說是完備
    ,但做為教者的參考,也許不是毫無價值吧!註:盧梭在︽愛彌兒︾一書裡,彰顯了
    這種無為而教的自然主義;但史金納曾在「自由又快樂的學生」一文裡做強烈的批評
    ,說「愛彌兒這樣的學生,從來沒有在現實裡出現過」,但他忘了提到,其實如盧梭
    這樣偉大的教師,現實裡也並不多見。

17 October 2009

樓梯改裝成音樂鋼琴键盤後

路口 张震岳

路口 张震岳

http://www.tudou.com/programs/view/21dWYuZV8is/

一个人走无聊的路口
我还在做梦以为你会喜欢我
我的希望落空而香烟不离手
抽到我心很痛

两个人走我恨这路口
你说不爱我放我在夜里难过
连再见也不说而眼泪没停过
哭到我鼻涕流

爱情就是黑洞扭曲我所有
我想要爱你却迷失了我自己
真的分不出来给的是不是真爱
游戏我玩不起来


破碎的痴梦丢到马桶让水流
本人依然没救而香烟没停过
抽到我心很痛
深陷沼泥之中没有人救

我手机上都是你曾经留的讯息
你眼神的不耐有如利刃飞过来
瞬间我终於明白
不在为你心痛

我有幫別人更快樂嗎?

我有幫別人更快樂嗎? 文 / 黑幼龍 2009/02 康健雜誌 123期

很高興一開春,在新的一年,跟大家在《康健雜誌》的專欄見面。
專欄的一開始,我並不想談如何致富和成功的大道理,而是想從快樂談起,怎麼樣可以更快樂?因為這一直是我想要的,也是我所追求的,我想在一開年跟你分享。

一年多前我看過一部電影叫《一路玩到掛(The Bucket List)》,講一個人聽到自己罹患絕症噩耗時,會想做什麼事?故事從一個億萬富翁(由傑克尼克遜所飾演)在病房遇到了另一個修車工(由摩根費里曼所飾演)講起,兩個人都因癌症住進醫院,走到了人生盡頭。

過世前想看、想體驗的事

有一天,億萬富翁看到技工一直在書寫,很好奇追問才發現他在寫人生清單(a bucket list),他剛進大學時,哲學老師,他們列出的一份人生清單,寫出他們在過世前想做、想看以及想體驗的事。

億萬富翁聽了之後覺得這個點子太棒了,隨後也列出自己的人生清單,兩個人還結伴做了許多想做的事,包括賽車、打獵和旅行,在世界各地留下許多快樂的足跡。

有一天到了埃及金字塔,技工突然變得很認真嚴肅,不管是表情還是話語都很慎重,他說埃及人一直有個傳說,說人死後到天堂門口會被問兩個問題,回答的內容會決定你往哪裡走。
第一個問題是:「你在世上的這一生快樂嗎?」億萬富翁聽了之後沉默不語,因為他雖然擁有私人飛機、豪宅和美食,十分富有,極其享受,但他回答不出來,因為他的確不快樂,他知道有很多東西不是金錢能換得的。

他無法回答,催促著趕快說第二個問題,技工說:「那你在世上這一生有沒有幫助別人找到快樂?」億萬富翁聽了更加沉默,甚至生氣,因為他是個大老闆,對人極為嚴苛,常常挑剔找麻煩,不要說幫助人快樂了,甚至還讓人很不快樂,是別人痛苦的來源。加上自己還離過四次婚,唯一的一個女兒不相往來,他這一輩子從來沒幫助別人快樂過。

減少批評、責備、抱怨,才會快樂起來

我對那一幕印象極為深刻,我們現代人都忙著工作,競爭壓力很大,如果我沒猜錯,很多人跟我一樣,從來沒想過第一個問題:「我這一生快不快樂?」而對第二個問題,反應還會是:「問了還不是白問,我還能怎麼樣?還不是得上班、下班?」

實際上是不是這樣?當然不一定。同樣的環境職場,同樣的工作,如果我們很能珍惜自己所擁有的,感恩惜福,也會在逆境中抱持正向態度,可以讓自己快樂的程度就不一樣。

至於第二個問題:「我們有沒有幫助別人更快樂?」可以想的東西就更多了,似乎跟第一個問題關係很密切。一個不快樂的人,很難帶給別人快樂,因為他的想法、作為都是負面的。

卡內基講得很清楚,人要減少批評、責備、抱怨和挑毛病,才會快樂起來,也才有可能跟別人好好相處溝通,帶給別人快樂。

我有個朋友是快遞公司總經理,有一天他的助理跟他說:「總經理,拜託你不要這麼愁眉苦臉的好不好?」他生氣地說:「難道我連自己不快樂的權利都沒有嗎?」那位小姐說:「你真的沒有權利愁眉苦 臉! ,因為你害得我們的工作士氣也很低落。」在家裡也是,如果父母愁眉苦臉,孩子也沒辦法快樂起來,影響一家人。

自己積極正向,不僅自己能快樂,也會大大影響別人的。

學會讚美,帶給別人快樂

我最近在看巴菲特的自傳,裡面提到員工都很喜歡跟他一起工作,因為他很會讚美別人。

其實巴菲特以前並不是快樂的人,內向、害羞和退縮,他是在二十幾歲參加卡內基訓練之後改變的,他在自傳裡提到卡內基有16次之多,講到他如何從退縮害羞變得有自信,懂得跟別人溝通,成為一個成功的企業家,甚至讓他娶到老婆。那是他在一次訓練得獎後,十分開心快樂,晚上才有自信! 開! 口跟女朋友求婚,結果一舉成功,更加深他日後持續改變,愈來愈有信心。

我們在台灣長大的人,特別是40到60歲的人,不太會也不好意思讚美別人。但要帶給別人快樂,就要先學會讚美別人和聆聽別人說話,這部份我們以後慢慢再談。

寫《追逐日光》的尤金·歐凱利是美國KPMG會計事務所的總裁兼執行長,他也是在發現自己得腦瘤,生命只剩100天後,寫下最想做的事,結果發現前幾項都是想去跟別人說感謝和讚美的話。

他寫信給一個高中同學,說自己跟他在一起時有多開心,結果對方沒回應,他乾脆打電話去,才知道對方根本沒收到,他就在電話裡說了起來,對方也很真誠地回答他:「你在我們班上什麼都是跑第一的,第一個當總裁,第一個做什麼什麼的,現在連去天堂都是第一個的,但我們早晚都會在天堂見。」

尤金·歐凱利在死前給我們的建議就是,不管你現在幾歲,身體健康狀況如何,都! 要! 把你想做的事情儘量往前移,不要等到五十幾、六十幾才做,現在就去做。

我看完書,立刻打電話給我在美國的妹妹,告訴她我們以前在家裡有多快樂,最佩服她不記仇,不會對人懷恨在心,我講完後好開心,她也好開心,這就是我講的,自己快樂,對別人說出讚美肯定的話,就能帶給別人快樂。(吳若女整理)


在新的一年,不管你是做哪個行業,什麼樣的生活,都可以先問自己這兩個問題:「我快樂嗎?」、「我能不能幫助別人更快樂?」、「我有沒有跟常與我互動或聯繫的朋友們分享或回饋?」那麼你一天的工作或生活就會有很不一樣的活力展現;反之,你的人際愈來愈疏離而快樂也就愈來愈沈寂。

06 October 2009

沟通中,怎样成为说话高手?

有个故事讲,在酒足饭饱后,国王问大臣:你们说,世界上什么最难?大臣回答:“世界上说话最难。”大臣没有说出来的隐含的意思是:说话最难,尤其是和国王说话最难。在一次培训中,我也问在场的学员:“你们认为自己很会说话的,请举手。”35个培训学员中只有2-3个人举了手,还是犹犹豫豫的。是呀,凡是有一定工作经验的人都知道,说话容易,但是要把话说到位,非常困难。有的管理者讲:我招聘人的时候,看他能力的高低,就看他说话的水平的高低。说话多么重要!到底要怎么样才能说好话呢?这里有几个技巧和大家分享。

  1、 说话的时机:成事不说、遂事不谏、既往不咎

  成事不说就是公司或领导已经决定的事情就不要评价,不要给出自己的想法和建议,无论你认为这些建议和想法对公司有多大的好处都要坚持不说的原则。但是在公司决定以前一定要把自己的想法说出来,这是你的职责,决定事情是公司领导的事,我们要认识清楚自己的职位和存在价值,不要给出超越职权的建议和想法,否则受到伤害的是你自己和公司。在生活中也是一样,你太太炒菜,四个菜中只有一个好吃,你吃饭的时候会说那三个不好吃,还是说那一个好吃呢?一定是说那一个好吃,因为你说那三个不好吃也没有用,再说好不好吃她和你一样清楚,为什么要说呢?工作中,这样的事情也经常有,总部任命了一个分公司经理,你自认为对他比较了解,他一定会把分公司搞垮。这个时候你要说吗?如果你说了,难道就能改变总部的决定吗?如果改变了,总部的权威何在!说了,反而增加了总部对你的看法:这个小子,总是这么窜,就你厉害,我们都是傻瓜,等着瞧,有你好受的。最后受害的是你自己。所以说要在事前,而不是事情已经决定了以后。

  遂事不谏是说正在做的事情,也不要去劝谏。如果他是错的,就让他错到底,最后再来总结和检讨。对于企业来讲老板和经理每天都在做很多决策,有资料统计显示,最优秀的决策者也不能保证决策的准确性,正确的决策只占总决策的七成。我们都知道正确的决策要比没有决策要好,但是企业经常是没有决策或者是有错误的决策。如果比较有错误的决策和没有决策这两者的时候,就会出现争议。到底是有错误的决策好,还是没有决策好呢?我认为,没有决策会导致企业一盘散沙,没有主心骨,不知道自己发展的方向,是企业的内伤;有错误的决策可以使企业损失时间和金钱,是企业的外伤。相比较之下还是暂时损失金钱和时间,也比企业的内伤来得要好。所以我们看到企业中经常有这样的现象,基层的员工明明知道这事是错的,但是总部还是要求坚决贯彻执行,基层员工这时可以做的唯一事情就是,坚决执行错误的决定!而不是去说,去评论。基层知道事情是错误的,难道总部不知道吗?地球人都知道!但是如果不做,损失的就是总部的权威,如果做下去,只损失金钱和时间而已,以后的正确决策可以赚回来。

  既往不咎是已经发生的事情不要去追究。这是说我们要适度地追究责任。不是什么事情都要追究到最后的责任人,才罢休。有些小事情,过分地追究,可能伤害别人的面子和积极性,以后的事情就不好做了。前一段时间,我的一个朋友结婚,在新婚之夜,发现了新娘的一个秘密,到底是说,还是不说呢?已经是过去的事情了,追究还有什么意思呢?就假装不知道吧!这个原则是针对一些聪明人适用的,你不追究,对方也知道自己错了,双方都心知肚明。但是对于一些没有自知之明的人,还要经常敲打一下,要追究责任到人,否则对方不能得到提高。

  2、 不同事情,不同说法

  好事情,用播新闻的方式。前一段时间,培训部外请了公司的一位兼职讲师。我旁听了他的课程,想学习一点东西。课程快结束的时候,我回到了办公室,对其他的同事说:“没有想到他的课程,这么好,想不到,真是想不到。有些人是天生适合做讲师。”过了一会,课程结束了,他走出了办公室,和大家聊天。突然问了我一句:“你觉得这个课程怎么样?提点建议,我也好有个提高。”我一下子没有反应过来,想要怎样说才能即不恭维又恰当。旁边的同事搭腔说:“他刚才说,没有想到你的课程讲得这么好。我们都要向你学习呀。”我们双目对视了一下,他脸上洋溢着幸福的笑容,从此我感觉他对我的态度好多了。这个故事就是我无意中用了好事情播新闻的方式。我们中国人不习惯赞美别人,把对别人的赞美埋在心底,总是通过批评别人来“帮助别人成长”,其实这个想法是错误的,赞美比批评带给别人的进步要大。别人有了好做法、想法就要赞美,要夸奖,只有这样才有完美的人际关系,才有以后成功的基础。

  坏事情,先说结果。先讲结果,这样就有了沟通的底线,剩下的时间就可以用来沟通怎样解决问题。就象下面的货运丢了货物的故事:

  分公司货运到外地,丢失了货物,销售代表小王向经理做汇报。

  “经理呀,出事了。今天早上我去拜访客户,一到就听客户说丢货了。包被打开了,我想可能是被客车司机搞坏了,这里已经报警了,我们在现场取证……”

  “先别说那么多,告诉我到底损失了多少!”经理生气地说。

  无论这个事情最后的处理结果怎么样,经理对小王已经有了不好的印象。感觉他办事不牢靠,办事能力不强。

  3、 试探性的说话:放话出去

  很多时候说话不是要表明什么观点,而是要表明自己的态度,或者试探别人的态度。这样的说话技巧是“放话”。

  在政界这个办法用的很多,经常是召开新闻发布会的方式,来表明自己的态度和试探别人的态度。震惊世界的911事件后,布什发表了一则声明来试探世界各国的反应和态度。第一个站出来的是俄罗斯,然后是英国、法国、中国等,先后表达了自己的立场。这样美国就全面了解了世界的想法,为下一步的行动打下了基础,这就是放话技巧。

  企业中不可能召开新闻发布会来试探员工的反应,采取的可能是另外的方式。

  老张开了一家销售代理公司,初期厂家支持很大,业务发展非常迅速,于是老张大规模地扩张。不久公司的资金出现了问题,运作费用太大,厂家看到了这种情况,也采取观望的态度。于是你决定降低运作费用,变粗放管理为精细管理,争取厂家的支持和长远的发展。老张的目标是打算降低50%的费用。但是老张在犹豫,降低50%的费用是很难的,如果做不到会影响到自己的威信,老张在犹豫,到底要怎么办呢?

Assessment

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assessment
Assessment
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This article covers educational assessment including the work of institutional researchers.
Educational assessment is the process of documenting, usually in measurable terms, knowledge, skills, attitudes and beliefs. Assessment can focus on the individual learner, the learning community (class, workshop, or other organized group of learners), the institution, or the educational system as a whole. According to the Academic Exchange Quarterly: "Studies of a theoretical or empirical nature (including case studies, portfolio studies, exploratory, or experimental work) addressing the assessment of learner aptitude and preparation, motivation and learning styles, learning outcomes in achievement and satisfaction in different educational contexts are all welcome, as are studies addressing issues of measurable standards and benchmarks"[1].

It is important to notice that the final purposes and assessment practices in education depends on the theoretical framework of the practitioners and researchers, their assumptions and beliefs about the nature of human mind, the origin of knowledge and the process of learning.

The following table summarizes the main theoretical frameworks behind almost all the theoretical and research work, and the instructional practices in education (one them being, of course, the practice of assessment). This different frameworks have given rise to interesting debates among scholars.

TOPICS EMPIRICISM RATIONALISM SOCIOCULTURALISM
Philosophical orientation Hume, British Empiricism Kant, Descartes, Continental Rationalism Hegel, Marx, Cultural Dialectic
Metaphorical Orientation Mechanistic/Operation of a Machine or Computer Organismic/Growth of a Plant Contextualist/Examination of a Historical Event.
Leading Theorists B. F. Skinner (behaviorism)/ Herb Simon, John Anderson, Robert Gagne (Cognitivism) Jean Piaget/Robbie Case Lev Vygotsky, Luria, Bruner/Alan Collins, Jim Greeno, Ann Brown, John Bransford
Nature of Mind Initially blank device that detects patterns in the world and operates on them. Qualitatively identical to lower animals, but quantitatively superior. Organ that evolved to acquire knowledge by making sense of the world. Uniquely human, qualitatively different from lower animals. Unique among species for developing language, tools, and education.
Nature of Knowledge
(epistemology)
Hierarchically organized associations that present an accurate but incomplete representation of the world. Assumes that the sum of the components of knowledge is the same as the whole. Because knowledge is accurately represented by components, one who demonstrates those components is presumed to know General and/or specific cognitive and conceptual structures, constructed by the mind and according to rational criteria. Essentially these are the higher-level structures that are constructed to assimilate new info to existing structure and as the structures accommodate more new info. Knowledge is represented by ability to solve new problems. Distributed across people, communities, and physical environment. Represents culture of community that continues to create it. To know means to be attuned to the constraints and affordances of systems in which activity occurs. Knowledge is represented in the regularities of successful activity.
Nature of Learning (the process by which knowledge is increased or modified) Forming and strengthening cognitive or S-R associations. Generation of knowledge by (1) exposure to pattern, (2) efficiently recognizing and responding to pattern (3) recognizing patterns in other contexts. Engaging in active process of making sense of (“rationalizing”) the environment. Mind applying existing structure to new experience to rationalize it. You don’t really learn the components, only structures needed to deal with those components later. Increasing ability to participate in a particular community of practice. Initiation into the life of a group, strengthening ability to participate by becoming attuned to constraints and affordances.
Features of Authentic Assessment Assess knowledge components. Focus on mastery of many components and fluency. Use psychometrics to standardize. Assess extended performance on new problems. Credit varieties of excellence. Assess participation in inquiry and social practices of learning (e.g. portfolios, observations) Students should participate in assessment process. Assessments should be integrated into larger environment
Contents [hide]
1 Alternate meanings
2 Types
2.1 Formative and summative
2.2 Objective and subjective
2.3 Basis of comparison
2.4 Informal and formal
2.5 Internal and external
3 Standards of quality
3.1 Reliability
3.2 Validity
3.3 Testing standards
3.4 Evaluation standards
4 Controversy
4.1 No Child Left Behind
4.2 High Stakes Testing Practices
4.3 21st Century Assessment
4.4 Assessment in a democratic school
5 Notes and references
6 See also
7 External links


[edit] Alternate meanings
According to the Merriam-Webster online dictionary the word assessment comes from the root word assess which is defined as:

to determine the rate or amount of (as a tax)
to impose (as a tax) according to an established rate b: to subject to a tax, charge, or levy
to make an official valuation of (property) for the purposes of taxation
to determine the importance, size, or value of (assess a problem)
to charge (a player or team) with a foul or penalty
Assessment in education is best described as an action "to determine the importance, size, or value of." [2]

[edit] Types
The term assessment is generally used to refer to all activities teachers use to help students learn and to gauge student progress. [3] Though the notion of assessment is generally more complicated than the following categories suggest, assessment is often divided for the sake of convenience using the following distinctions:

formative and summative
objective and subjective
referencing (criterion-referenced, norm-referenced, and ipsative)
informal and formal.
[edit] Formative and summative
Assessment is often divided into formative and summative categories for the purpose of considering different objectives for assessment practices.

Summative assessment - Summative assessment is generally carried out at the end of a course or project. In an educational setting, summative assessments are typically used to assign students a course grade.
Formative assessment - Formative assessment is generally carried out throughout a course or project. Formative assessment, also referred to as "educative assessment," is used to aid learning. In an educational setting, formative assessment might be a teacher (or peer) or the learner, providing feedback on a student's work, and would not necessarily be used for grading purposes.
Educational researcher Robert Stake explains the difference between formative and summative assessment with the following analogy:

“ When the cook tastes the soup, that's formative. When the guests taste the soup, that's summative.[4] ”

Summative and formative assessment are often referred to in a learning context as assessment of learning and assessment for learning respectively. Assessment of learning is generally summative in nature and intended to measure learning outcomes and report those outcomes to students, parents, and administrators. Assessment of learning generally occurs at the conclusion of a class, course, semester, or academic year. Assessment for learning is generally formative in nature and is used by teachers to consider approaches to teaching and next steps for individual learners and the class. [5]

A common form of formative assessment is diagnostic assessment. Diagnostic assessment measures a student's current knowledge and skills for the purpose of identifying a suitable program of learning. Self-assessment is a form of diagnostic assessment which involves students assessing themselves. Forward-looking assessment asks those being assessed to consider themselves in hypothetical future situations. [6]

Performance-based assessment is similar to summative assessment, as it focuses on achievement. It is often aligned with the standards-based education reform and outcomes-based education movement. Though ideally they are significantly different from a traditional multiple choice test, they are most commonly associated with standards-based assessment which use free-form responses to standard questions scored by human scorers on a standards-based scale, meeting, falling below, or exceeding a performance standard rather than being ranked on a curve. A well-defined task is identified and students are asked to create, produce, or do something, often in settings that involve real-world application of knowledge and skills. Proficiency is demonstrated by providing an extended response. Performance formats are further differentiated into products and performances. The performance may result in a product, such as a painting, portfolio, paper, or exhibition, or it may consist of a performance, such as a speech, athletic skill, musical recital, or reading.

[edit] Objective and subjective
Assessment (either summative or formative) is often categorized as either objective or subjective. Objective assessment is a form of questioning which has a single correct answer. Subjective assessment is a form of questioning which may have more than one correct answer (or more than one way of expressing the correct answer). There are various types of objective and subjective questions. Objective question types include true/false answers, multiple choice, multiple-response and matching questions. Subjective questions include extended-response questions and essays. Objective assessment is well suited to the increasingly popular computerized or online assessment format.

Some have argued that the distinction between objective and subjective assessments is neither useful nor accurate because, in reality, there is no such thing as "objective" assessment. In fact, all assessments are created with inherent biases built into decisions about relevant subject matter and content, as well as cultural (class, ethnic, and gender) biases. [7]

[edit] Basis of comparison
Test results can be compared against an established criterion, or against the performance of other students, or against previous performance:

Criterion-referenced assessment, typically using a criterion-referenced test, as the name implies, occurs when candidates are measured against defined (and objective) criteria. Criterion-referenced assessment is often, but not always, used to establish a person’s competence (whether s/he can do something). The best known example of criterion-referenced assessment is the driving test, when learner drivers are measured against a range of explicit criteria (such as “Not endangering other road users”).

Norm-referenced assessment (colloquially known as "grading on the curve"), typically using a norm-referenced test, is not measured against defined criteria. This type of assessment is relative to the student body undertaking the assessment. It is effectively a way of comparing students. The IQ test is the best known example of norm-referenced assessment. Many entrance tests (to prestigious schools or universities) are norm-referenced, permitting a fixed proportion of students to pass (“passing” in this context means being accepted into the school or university rather than an explicit level of ability). This means that standards may vary from year to year, depending on the quality of the cohort; criterion-referenced assessment does not vary from year to year (unless the criteria change).[8]

Ipsative assessment is self comparison either in the same domain over time, or comparative to other domains within the same student.

[edit] Informal and formal
Assessment can be either formal or informal. Formal assessment usually implicates a written document, such as a test, quiz, or paper. A formal assessment is given a numerical score or grade based on student performance, whereas an informal assessment does not contribute to a student's final grade. An informal assessment usually occurs in a more casual manner and may include observation, inventories, checklists, rating scales, rubrics, performance and portfolio assessments, participation, peer and self evaluation, and discussion.[9]

[edit] Internal and external
Internal assessment is set and marked by the school (i.e. teachers). Students get the mark and feedback regarding the assessment. External assessment is set by the governing body, and is marked by non-biased personnel. With external assessment, students only receive a mark. Therefore, they have no idea how they actually performed (i.e. what bits they answered correctly.)

[edit] Standards of quality
In general, high-quality assessments are considered those with a high level of reliability and validity. Approaches to reliability and validity vary, however.

[edit] Reliability
Reliability relates to the consistency of an assessment. A reliable assessment is one which consistently achieves the same results with the same (or similar) cohort of students. Various factors affect reliability – including ambiguous questions, too many options within a question paper, vague marking instructions and poorly trained markers. Traditionally, the reliability of an assessment is based on the following:

Temporal stability: Performance on a test is comparable on two or more separate occasions.
Form equivalence: Performance among examinees is equivalent on different forms of a test based on the same content.
Internal consistency: Responses on a test are consistent across questions. For example: In a survey that asks respondents to rate attitudes toward technology, consistency would be expected in responses to the following questions:
"I feel very negative about computers in general."
"I enjoy using computers."[10]
[edit] Validity
A valid assessment is one which measures what it is intended to measure. For example, it would not be valid to assess driving skills through a written test alone. A more valid way of assessing driving skills would be through a combination of tests that help determine what a driver knows, such as through a written test of driving knowledge, and what a driver is able to do, such as through a performance assessment of actual driving. Teachers frequently complain that some examinations do not properly assess the syllabus upon which the examination is based; they are, effectively, questioning the validity of the exam.

Validity of an assessment is generally gauged through examination of evidence in the following categories:

Content--Does the content of the test measure stated objectives?
Criterion--Do scores correlate to an outside reference? (ex: Do high scores on a 4th grade reading test accurately predict reading skill in future grades?)
Construct--Does the assessment correspond to other significant variables? (ex: Do ESL students consistently perform differently on a writing exam than native English speakers?) [11]
A good assessment has both validity and reliability, plus the other quality attributes noted above for a specific context and purpose. In practice, an assessment is rarely totally valid or totally reliable. A ruler which is marked wrong will always give the same (wrong) measurements. It is very reliable, but not very valid. Asking random individuals to tell the time without looking at a clock or watch is sometimes used as an example of an assessment which is valid, but not reliable. The answers will vary between individuals, but the average answer is probably close to the actual time. In many fields, such as medical research, educational testing, and psychology, there will often be a trade-off between reliability and validity. A history test written for high validity will have many essay and fill-in-the-blank questions. It will be a good measure of mastery of the subject, but difficult to score completely accurately. A history test written for high reliability will be entirely multiple choice. It isn't as good at measuring knowledge of history, but can easily be scored with great precision. We may generalise from this. The more reliable is our estimate of what we purport to measure, the less certain we are that we are actually measuring that aspect of attainment. It is also important to note that there are at least thirteen sources of invalidity, which can be estimated for individual students in test situations. They never are. Perhaps this is because their social purpose demands the absence of any error, and validity errors are usually so high that they would destabilise the whole assessment industry.

It is well to distinguish between "subject-matter" validity and "predictive" validity. The former, used widely in education, predicts the score a student would get on a similar test but with different questions. The latter, used widely in the workplace, predicts performance. Thus, a subject-matter-valid test of knowledge of driving rules is appropriate while a predictively-valid test would assess whether the potential driver could follow those rules.

[edit] Testing standards
In the field of psychometrics, the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing [12] place standards about validity and reliability, along with errors of measurement and related considerations under the general topic of test construction, evaluation and documentation. The second major topic covers standards related to fairness in testing, including fairness in testing and test use, the rights and responsibilities of test takers, testing individuals of diverse linguistic backgrounds, and testing individuals with disabilities. The third and final major topic covers standards related to testing applications, including the responsibilities of test users, psychological testing and assessment, educational testing and assessment, testing in employment and credentialing, plus testing in program evaluation and public policy.

[edit] Evaluation standards
In the field of evaluation, and in particular educational evaluation, the Joint Committee on Standards for Educational Evaluation [13] has published three sets of standards for evaluations. "The Personnel Evaluation Standards" [14] was published in 1988, The Program Evaluation Standards (2nd edition) [15] was published in 1994, and The Student Evaluation Standards [16] was published in 2003.

Each publication presents and elaborates a set of standards for use in a variety of educational settings. The standards provide guidelines for designing, implementing, assessing and improving the identified form of evaluation. Each of the standards has been placed in one of four fundamental categories to promote educational evaluations that are proper, useful, feasible, and accurate. In these sets of standards, validity and reliability considerations are covered under the accuracy topic. For example, the student accuracy standards help ensure that student evaluations will provide sound, accurate, and credible information about student learning and performance.




[edit] Controversy
Concerns over how best to apply assessment practices across public school systems have largely focused on questions about the use of high stakes testing and standardized tests, often used to gauge student progress, teacher quality, and school-, district-, or state-wide educational success.

[edit] No Child Left Behind
For most researchers and practitioners, the question is not whether tests should be administered at all--there is a general consensus that, when administered in useful ways, tests can offer useful information about student progress and curriculum implementation, as well as offering formative uses for learners. [17] The real issue, then, is whether testing practices as currently implemented can provide these services for educators and students.

In the U.S., the No Child Left Behind Act mandates standardized testing nationwide. These tests align with state curriculum and link teacher, student, district, and state accountability to the results of these tests. Proponents of NCLB argue that it offers a tangible method of gauging educational success, holding teachers and schools accountable for failing scores, and closing the achievement gap across class and ethnicity. [18]

Opponents of standardized testing dispute these claims, arguing that holding educators accountable for test results leads to the practice of "teaching to the test." Additionally, many argue that the focus on standardized testing encourages teachers to equip students with a narrow set of skills that enhance test performance without actually fostering a deeper understanding of subject matter or key principles within a knowledge domain. [19]

[edit] High Stakes Testing Practices
The assessments which have caused the most controversy in the US are the use of High school graduation examinations, which first appeared to support the defunct Certificate of Initial Mastery, which can be used to deny diplomas to students who do not meet high standards. They argue that one measure should not be the sole determinant of success or failure. Technical notes for standards based assessments such as Washington's WASL warn that such tests lack the reliability needed to use scores for individual decisions, yet the state legislature passed a law requiring that the WASL be used for just such a purpose. Others such as Washington State University's Don Orlich question the use of test items far beyond standard cognitive levels for testing ages, and the use of expensive, holistically graded tests to measure the quality of both the system and individuals for very large numbers of students.[20]

High stakes tests, even when they do not invoke punishment, have been cited for causing sickness and anxiety in students and teachers, and narrowing the curriculum towards test preparation. In an exercise designed to make children comfortable about testing, a Spokane, Washington newspaper published a picture of a monster that feeds on fear. The published image is purportedly the response of a student who was asked to draw a picture of what she thought of the state assessment. Such high-stakes testing, however, is thought to be acceptable if it increases student learning outcomes.

Standardized multiple choice tests do not conform to the latest education standards. Nevertheless, they are much less expensive, less prone to disagreement between scorers, and can be scored quickly enough to be returned before the end of the school year. Legislation such as No Child Left Behind also define failure if a school does not show improvement from year to year, even if the school is already successful. The use of IQ tests has been banned in some states for educational decisions, and norm referenced tests have been criticized for bias against minorities. Yet the use of standards based assessments to make high stakes decisions, with greatest impact falling on low-scoring ethnic groups, is widely supported by education officials because they show the achievement gap which is promised to be closed merely by implementing standards based education reform. Many states are currently using testing practices which have been condemned by dissenting education experts such as Fairtest and Alfie Kohn.

[edit] 21st Century Assessment
It has been widely noted that with the emergence of social media and Web 2.0 technologies and mindsets, learning is increasingly collaborative and knowledge increasingly distributed across many members of a learning community. Traditional assessment practices, however, focus in large part on the individual and fail to account for knowledge-building and learning in context. As researchers in the field of assessment consider the cultural shifts that arise from the emergence of a more participatory culture, they will need to find new methods of applying assessments to learners. "[21]

[edit] Assessment in a democratic school
Sudbury model of democratic education schools do not perform and do not offer assessments, evaluations, transcripts, or recommendations, asserting that they do not rate people, and that school is not a judge; comparing students to each other, or to some standard that has been set is for them a violation of the student's right to privacy and to self-determination. Students decide for themselves how to measure their progress as self-starting learners as a process of self-evaluation: real life-long learning and the proper educational assessment for the 21st Century, they adduce.[22]

According to Sudbury schools, this policy does not cause harm to their students as they move on to life outside the school. However, they admit it makes the process more difficult, but that such hardship is part of the students learning to make their own way, set their own standards and meet their own goals.

The no-grading and no-rating policy helps to create an atmosphere free of competition among students or battles for adult approval, and encourages a positive co-operative environment amongst the student body.[23]

The final stage of a Sudbury education, should the student choose to take it, is the graduation thesis. Each student writes on the topic of how they have prepared themselves for adulthood and entering the community at large. This thesis is submitted to the Assembly, who reviews it. The final stage of the thesis process is an oral defense given by the student in which they open the floor for questions, challenges and comments from all Assembly members. At the end, the Assembly votes by secret ballot on whether or not to award a diploma.[24]

[edit] Notes and references
^ "Educational Assessment". Academic Exchange Quarterly, available at http://rapidintellect.com/AEQweb/ontass. Retrieved January 28, 2009.
^ Merriam-Webster Dictionary (2005). Available at http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/assess. Retrieved on 1/28/2009.
^ Black, Paul, & William, Dylan (October 1998). "Inside the Black Box: Raising Standards Through Classroom Assessment."Phi Beta Kappan. Available at http://www.pdkintl.org/kappan/kbla9810.htm. Retried January 28, 2009.
^ Scriven, M. (1991). Evaluation thesaurus. 4th ed. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. ISBN 0803943644.
^ Earl, Lorna (2003). Assessment as Learning: Using Classroom Assessment to Maximise Student Learning. Thousand Oaks, CA, Corwin Press. ISBN 0761946268. Available at http://www.wyoaac.org/Lit/assessment%20for%20learning%20of%20learning%20as%20learning%20-%20Earl.pdf, Accessed January 23, 2009.
^ Reed, Daniel. "Diagnostic Assessment in Language Teaching and Learning." Center for Language Education and Research, available at http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&ct=res&cd=2&url=http%3A%2F%2Fclear.msu.edu%2Fclear%2Fnewsletter%2Ffiles%2Ffall2006.pdf&ei=HNKBSeOuHYH8tgfS7rwZ&usg=AFQjCNFPkla4C_1Uyr1EOvg-nCLX0I9Pgw&sig2=_f3pOANBQc1cO6s7ZPexBg. Retrieved January 28, 2009.
^ Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC). "What Do We Mean by e-Assessment?" JISC InfoNet, available at http://www.jiscinfonet.ac.uk/InfoKits/effective-use-of-VLEs/e-assessment/assess-overview. Retrieved January 29, 2009.
^ Educational Technologies at Virginia Tech. "Assessment Purposes." VirginiaTech DesignShop: Lessons in Effective Teaching, available at http://www.edtech.vt.edu/edtech/id/assess/purposes.html. Retrieved January 29, 2009.
^ Valencia, Sheila W. "What Are the Different Forms of Authentic Assessment?" Understanding Authentic Classroom-Based Literacy Assessment (1997), available at http://www.eduplace.com/rdg/res/litass/forms.html. Retrieved January 29, 2009.
^ Yu, Chong Ho (2005). "Reliability and Validity." Educational Assessment. Available at http://www.creative-wisdom.com/teaching/assessment/reliability.html. Retrieved January 29, 2009.
^ Moskal, Barbara M., & Leydens, Jon A (2000). "Scoring Rubric Development: Validity and Reliability." Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 7(10). Retrieved January 30, 2009 from http://PAREonline.net/getvn.asp?v=7&n=10.
^ The Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing
^ Joint Committee on Standards for Educational Evaluation
^ Joint Committee on Standards for Educational Evaluation. (1988). "The Personnel Evaluation Standards: How to Assess Systems for Evaluating Educators." Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
^ Joint Committee on Standards for Educational Evaluation. (1994). The Program Evaluation Standards, 2nd Edition. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
^ Committee on Standards for Educational Evaluation. (2003). The Student Evaluation Standards: How to Improve Evaluations of Students. Newbury Park, CA: Corwin Press.
^ American Psychological Association. "Appropriate Use of High-Stakes Testing in Our Nation's Schools." APA Online, available at http://www.apa.org/pubinfo/testing.html. Retrieved January 29, 2009.
^ (nd) Reauthorization of NCLB. Department of Education. Retrieved 1/29/09.
^ (nd) What's Wrong With Standardized Testing? FairTest.org. Retrieved January 29, 2009.
^ Bach, Deborah, & Blanchard, Jessica (April 19, 2005). "WASL worries stress kids, schools." Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved January 30, 2009 from http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/local/220713_wasl19.html.
^ Fadel, Charles, Honey, Margaret, & Pasnik, Shelley (May 18, 2997). "Assessment in the Age of Innovation." Education Week. Retrieved January 29, 2009 from http://www.edweek.org/login.html?source=http://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2007/05/23/38fadel.h26.html&destination=http://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2007/05/23/38fadel.h26.html&levelId=2100.
^ Greenberg, D. (2000). 21st Century Schools, edited transcript of a talk delivered at the April 2000 International Conference on Learning in the 21st Century.
^ Greenberg, D. (1987). Chapter 20, Evaluation, Free at Last — The Sudbury Valley School.
^ Graduation Thesis Procedure, Mountain Laurel Sudbury School.
[edit] See also
Confidence-Based Learning accurately measures a learner’s knowledge quality by measuring both the correctness of his or her knowledge and the person’s confidence in that knowledge.
Evaluation is the process of looking at what is being assessed to make sure the right areas are being considered.
E-scape, a technology and approach that looks specifically at the assessment of creativity and collaboration.
Grading is the process of assigning a (possibly mutually exclusive) ranking to learners.
Educational measurement is a process of assessment or an evaluation in which the objective is to quantify level of attainment or competence within a specified domain. See the Rasch model for measurement for elaboration on the conceptual requirements of such processes, including those pertaining to grading and use of raw scores from assessments.
Educational evaluation deals specifically with evaluation as it applies to an educational setting. As an example it may be used in the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) government program instituted by the government of the USA.
Educational psychology
Electronic portfolio is a personal digital record containing information such as a collection of artifacts or evidence demonstrating what one knows and can do.
Health Impact Assessment looks at the potential health impacts of policies, programs and projects.
Program evaluation is essentially a set of philosophies and techniques to determine if a program 'works'.
Psychometrics, the science of measuring psychological characteristics
Social Impact Assessment looks at the possible social impacts of proposed new infrastructure projects, natural resource projects, or development activities.
Standardized testing is any test that is used across a variety of schools or other situations.
Standards-based assessment
Rubrics for assessment
Science, Technology, Society and Environment Education
Computer aided assessment
[edit] External links
Find more about Assessment on Wikipedia's sister projects:

Definitions from Wiktionary
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Quotations from Wikiquote
Source texts from Wikisource
Images and media from Commons
News stories from Wikinews
Learning resources from Wikiversity
Assessment in Higher Education web site.
Edutopia: Assessment Overview A collection of media and articles on the topic of assessment from The George Lucas Educational Foundation
The Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing
Joint Committee on Standards for Educational Evaluation
Creating Good MCQs A whitepaper by Focalworks
Assessment 2.0 Modernizing assessment
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assessment"
Categories: Academic transfer | Educational assessment and evaluation | Educational psychology | Evaluation methods | Evaluation | School terminology | Thought | Standards-based education | Mental structures

候文詠:養孩子,我做「見景生情」的陪伴

候文詠:養孩子,我做「見景生情」的陪伴 作者:採訪整理/張綾玲 出處:親子天下
「去演講時,你講一句話可能改變別人一生;但在家裡,在孩子眼中我只是個穿短褲的歐吉桑,」侯文詠說,就算跟孩子說一百句他也記不住半句,比不上同儕或身邊朋友。直到今年在寫《金瓶梅》時,看到裡面一句話才終於頓悟..

升格為人父後,他接續以小說《白色巨塔》探討權力、《危險心靈》探討教育,《靈魂擁抱》探討名氣,一部部長篇小說,關照社會諸多議題。近日,他更以中國四大奇書之一《金瓶梅》為讀本,即將推出最新作品《沒有神的所在──私房閱讀金瓶梅》。尤其令人意外的是,從這本極具情色意味的「禁書」裡,侯文詠竟然重新悟得了養兒育女之道……


Q:你的兩個兒子都已邁入青春期,可否聊聊一路走來,為人父的心路歷程?

A:我兩個兒子一個十五歲、一個十七歲,今年正好要考基測和學測。剛開始做爸爸,會想要「做之父,做之師」;等孩子慢慢長大,發現這期望太高,於是退一步想「做他的朋友」。直到有次去打禪,聖嚴法師問我:「做爸爸感覺如何?」我說:「只希望能做孩子的朋友就行了。」沒想到師父突然很正經的說:「侯醫師啊,期望孩子做你的朋友,和他將來有很多錢報答你,或他變得很有才華……這都沒什麼兩樣。」當下,我嚇一跳,本以為這算夠卑微了。那時師父淡淡的說:「此時此刻,你就只要好好的跟他相處。」但我全沒「瞭」。

之後,小孩經歷國小,到青少年。我慢慢發現父母能影響他們的,真的很有限。往往去演講時,你講一句話可能改變別人一生;但在家裡,在孩子眼中我只是個穿短褲的歐吉桑,就算跟他說一百句他也記不住半句,比不上同儕或身邊朋友。

直到今年在寫「金瓶梅」時,看到裡面一句話才終於頓悟:「養兒無須屙金溺銀,只需見景生情」。意指養兒不需用金、銀去保護安排他的未來,只要在他難過挫折時陪伴安慰他,生日開心時為他慶祝。所以說到心路歷程,我以前總說:當先生是從動物到植物,養孩子則從最初想「做之父,做之師」,到退而求其次,想能「做朋友」,現在則是「見景生情的陪伴」了。
Q:在教養過程中,你對孩子有過什麼?或影響嗎?

A:我最近看王浩威的書,裡面寫到台灣這一輩孩子受父母很大的影響。由於父母成就高,不免對孩子過度期待,而孩子也會覺得自己這輩子永遠超越不了父母。就像我孩子,倘若也想像我一樣考上台大、寫小說勝過我,恐怕會很辛苦,但我只是很幸運擁有了這些。於是更加領悟到對孩子有所期待,反而對他是種壓力,愈能了解「見景生情」的真義。

對於壓力,孩子多半是不會反映,卻在不知不覺中積累。學校國文課本收錄一篇我的文章,有回大兒子問我,同學想知道會考什麼?我哪知道!

後來兒子拿試卷給我,結果裡面考修辭,還要比詞性,真難!我只考了八十幾分。兒子看了我的成績後很樂,直說這在他班上大概只是十幾名,頓時感覺老爸很親和、很有人性,直「虧」說:「你還作者咧!我以為你什麼都很厲害。」其實我有點表演,希望他們沒有覺得我真的很厲害。

坦白講,我可能在幾個專業領域做得還不錯,但這只佔我人生不到百分之一啊!其他部分都不怎麼樣。我老婆經常罵我笨,拍戲當製作人也常被說是個濫好人。我其實是不想讓孩子對我誤解,希望能回歸到比較人性本質面。

而在教養小孩上,最重要的就是給他練習tried&error的機會,直到變成內在的經驗。但往往做父母,總會幫孩子做好每件事,反倒剝奪他們「嘗試與犯錯」的機會,阻礙學習。就好比捷運悠遊卡弄丟,若你曾讓他自己去面對重辦、繳保證金……種種麻煩手續,他以後就會知道要小心點。孩子年紀愈小,閒的時間愈多,一定要讓他愈麻煩愈好,因為他現在不踩地雷,長大再踩到會更慘,即所謂千求萬求,最難求到他犯錯的經驗。唯有讓他有所學習,才會知道要設身處地為別人設想。所以我的孩子只要出什麼事,一定是讓他自己去解決。
Q:在教養上,你和太太的態度想法一致嗎?又是如何分工的?

A:通常都是媽媽看到孩子的問題,我就會接手想點子,和孩子溝通。因為太太是牙醫,從小功課好又很乖,教起孩子很容易落入刻苦勤儉、認真,管得密不通風。我想女生像她這樣乖了一輩子,最好的命運不過是嫁給我這樣一個男人,哈哈,我比較有彈?吽A所以小孩寧可讓我來管。而且媽媽常常太心急,亂槍打鳥的一天數落孩子十八件事。但我覺得,教孩子不能同時講很多事情,只有「聚焦」才會有效。

在教養上,我經歷最久,長達六、七年至今還沒解決的,就是培養孩子「守時」。我的小兒子很會賴,常常下課看人家打籃球忘了時間,遲了上課或回家。但每次他遲到,我一定不在當下念他、訓他,而是等他有空時再好好聊。聊什麼呢?我要他回溯在整個過程裡自己的想法,要他至少記住自己最後一次看錶是何時?當時心裡在想什麼?就這樣,談了六年。他不煩嗎?我想會的。根據佛洛依德的理論,人會做什麼其實都是潛意識,談到他明白自己的潛意識時,他的病就會結束。漸漸的,他遲到的次數減少了。

我這麼重視守時,因為我覺得這是一個人對其他人的promise(承諾),而時間又不會太哲學,是很好的借鏡。
Q:所以教養小孩,你會花很多時間和孩子談嗎?

A:我感覺養小孩比較像養植物,要有長遠的計畫,要懂得聚焦。我太太養植物都不會活,不是澆太多水就是施太多肥。其實教小孩真的不用花那麼多時間。當你用超過應有的熱情時,就會失去耐心、沒辦法持久。應該像農夫養一大片田,早起看有沒有水,該除草的除一除,很勤快但沒花很多時間。我常跟太太說,小孩要「陪伴」,而不要常常「看著」他。只要能把他旁邊的病蟲害和有毒物去除掉,讓他自己長,做這種事情就好。

還有,帶孩子是不能追求效率的。對人追求效率是什麼呢?是要他趕快長大、結婚、生小孩,然後送進棺材裡嗎?我認為,父母能對小孩人生產生的影響,可能連一○%都不到,正因如此,你更不能亂出手,因為你能跟他講的可能只有十句話、十個重點。千萬不要一直把想要給他的,統統強塞給他。我們要相信,樹苗只要有水分、養分,自己會長大,父母能做的就是「基礎工程」、除除草,我們很難把他弄得變漂亮、變大樓、甚至還做裝潢等。
Q:那麼,哪些是你所謂的「基礎工程」呢?

A:譬如「健康」就是一個基礎工程,所以我從小就把孩子丟去學游泳、打跆拳,各種能夠勞累的都要去做。然後是「品格」,包括:守時、懂得承擔責任不逃避。所以我會用六到十年來做,持續的、有態度的去做,花時間和他們聊,了解其中邏輯,但都不給結論,否則他們就失去學習的機會。
還有件事情我也和小兒子玩十幾年,就是「認錯」。他小學時曾經偷媽媽的錢買game boy,甚至還搞出兩套聯絡簿來。我常講,你看報紙上或政治人物的行為會發現,他們跟小孩一樣,總是不認錯→說謊→把事情搞大→惹出麻煩→到最後事情就爆了。錯誤不會死,但死的是人錯誤的反應。我就會一次次的跟他談:你覺得事情在哪裡時付出的代價會最小?於是現在他慢慢比較不犯錯,也有勇氣認錯。

我所謂的基礎工程,還有「自我思考」與「連結他人」的能力。譬如有天他回家,問我要不要簽署讓判那位燙死親生孩子的父親死刑。我說我不簽,也舉了他自己小時候有次錯把葡萄酒當葡萄汁喝後的胡亂行為說給他聽,希望他了解,沒有一個父親願意殺死自己的孩子。我告訴他,做一個決定,不要只想一個角度,起碼要想兩個。因為大部分青少年的氛圍很小,很容易從眾。

我希望他除了會想,也要能夠去連結他人,用很快的速度去感受別人的喜怒哀樂與在乎的事情。唯有這樣,別人也才能感受到你的想法與情感。


Q:對於課業,你有沒有什麼要求?怎麼幫助他們探索自己生涯的方向?

A:以前年輕時會在乎,現在大了,比較在乎的反而是他們的態度。像現在他們都知道,自己混了兩年,要考學測、基測,這一年得好好地拚,否則以後就沒得玩了。這一年,反倒是我和太太最快樂和自由的時候。

我覺得,過去書念得好不好很絕對,以後出社會的成就,也很絕對。但多元化的社會,行業變多,只要有足夠熱忱、能力與興趣相符,同時可以熬過一段無聊過程以鍛鍊出一種專業,絕對能成為箇中佼佼者。亦即學歷並不等於人的幸福力。所以,我覺得應該盡量讓小孩多方面去接觸,找到自己的興趣。

像我的小孩,從要當總統、消防員到當醫師,在他不斷的嘗試後,起碼更知道自己喜歡什麼、能做什麼。老大就說他想學財經,想變有錢。他小學三年級時曾經因為不愛寫字,跟我說他不想上學了,要我給他三天好好考慮。我說那也很好,可以在家自學,或者也可以日後去念職業學校,都會有出路的。結果他到處徵詢意見後,還是決定回學校念書,只因學校裡有同學可玩。
我的想法是,讓他們在自由中得到自由,幫助他們茁壯、長得更好,更有幸福競爭力,遠比課業、學歷上的高低還來得重要。而這一年,雖然似乎是被逼著要去念書,但人生的命運常常就是你碰到什麼,就去面對。不妨把學測和基測當做是訓練自己的意志力、當做是打仗,所以一定要吃得好、睡得好,只要用對的方法,就會看到進步。

積善必有善報

積善必有善報
古人云,「上善如水」。從小受到家庭儒家思想薰陶的李嘉誠十分信仰儒家有關道德的思想和論述,他指出,無論是作為一個人還是作為一個商者,道德始終是第一位的。他認為,包括他本人在內所獲得的成績都是一種個人道德乃至社會道德規範的結果。為此,他經常向人提到少年時受人恩惠的事情:

有一次,李嘉誠忘了侍候客人茶水,他聽到大夥計叫喚,慌慌張張拎茶壺為客人沖開水,不小心灑到茶客的褲腳上。

李嘉誠嚇壞了,木樁似的站在那裡,一臉煞白,不知如何向這位茶客賠禮謝罪。要知道茶客是茶樓的衣食父母,是堂倌侍候的大爺。若是挑剔點的茶客,必會甩堂倌的耳光。

李嘉誠誠惶誠恐,等待茶客怒罵懲罰和老闆炒魷魚。因為在李嘉誠來之前,一個堂倌犯了李嘉誠同樣的過失,那茶客是「三合會白紙扇」(黑社會師爺)。老闆不敢得罪這位「大煞」,逼堂倌下跪請罪,然後當即責令他滾蛋。

這時,老闆跑了過來,正要對李嘉誠責罵。一件意想不到的事發生了,這茶客說:「是我不小心碰了他,不能怪這位小師傅。」茶客一味為李嘉誠開脫,老闆沒有批評李嘉誠,仍向茶客道歉。

茶客坐了一會兒就走了,李嘉誠回想剛剛發生的事,雙眼濕漉漉的。事後,老闆對李嘉誠道:「我曉得是你把水淋了客人的褲腳。以後做事千萬得小心。萬一有什麼錯失,要趕快向客人賠禮,說不定就能大事化了。這客人心善,若是惡點的,不知會鬧成什麼樣子。開茶樓,老闆夥計都難做。」

回到家,李嘉誠把事情說與母親聽,母親道:「菩薩保佑,客人和老闆都是好人。」她又告誡兒子:「種瓜得瓜,種豆得豆」;「積善必有善報,作惡必有惡報」。從此,李嘉誠牢記了母親的話,他將那位茶客的善心和善舉銘刻在心,一方面作為自己行為的榜樣,另一方面夢想著有著一日找到這位好心的茶客,為他養老送終。

這種道德規範也影響到了李嘉誠的商業行為之中,人們總是將李嘉誠的商業收購當作一種善意收購,事實上李嘉誠也是本著善意收購這一原則進行的。他收購對方的企業,必與對方進行協商,盡可能通過心平氣和的方式談判解決。若對方堅決反對,他也不會強人所難。這可以看作是商業基本道德在李嘉誠身上的表現吧。


◎用信任換取信任

信譽是做人的美德。在社會上失去信譽後,別人便不敢再輕易相信你,因而也不敢輕易與你來往,這就造成了與人相處的尷尬。

孔子的學生曾參很重視子女的教育問題。一次,曾參的妻子要去集市買東西,她的兒子也要跟著去。

曾參的妻子說:「聽話,好孩子,媽媽回來後讓你爹爹給你殺豬吃。」

兒子聽後,改變了主意。他把這個消息告訴了父親。
妻子從集市回來後,見曾參正準備殺豬,他的妻子說:「我只是跟孩子說著玩,你怎麼能當真呢!」

曾參說:「孩子是不能隨便跟他說著玩呢。小孩子沒有為人處世的經驗,都是跟我們父母學的。現在你欺騙他,不守信用。將來,他也會欺騙別人,不守信用的。況且,母親欺騙了兒子,兒子就不信母親了。今後,你又怎麼去教育他呢?」

曾參的妻子無話好說,只好聽任丈夫讓人把豬殺了,兌現了對兒子的許諾。

做父母的,對於子女的承諾必須履行。不管子女是多大年齡。即使是小孩子也不能違背信義。父母的失信會使孩子們對成人產生懷疑,不再信任別人。而你一旦失去信譽後,要想重新獲得信任和尊重,必須付出艱辛的努力。

失去信譽之後,你周圍的人會用懷疑的眼光、埋怨的話語來對待你,沒有人會再信任你,沒有人會把你當作朋友,沒有領導會重用你,你的真誠也沒有人理解。在這種狀況下,你必須加倍努力,才能樹立在別人心目中的形象,才能獲得別人的原諒。

當你因為失去信譽而遭到別人冷落、拒絕、刁難之後,你應該有思想準備。因為正是你的錯,才導致別人對你的歧視。而我們只有用信任去贏得信任,我們要讓那些懷疑我們的人被我們的真誠所感動。

做生意也須講求信譽,靠誠信贏得讚譽和認同。有人認為這會吃虧,但以誠待人、以信譽求發展,終究會得到長久的利益。靠欺詐、矇騙等手段賺取不義之財,雖然會嘗到一點小甜頭,但繼之而來的是更大的損失。

一位成功的商人這樣說過:「天資聰穎不如勤於學問,好學好問不如處世好,處世好不如做人好。」可見,誠實、信譽才是經商的韜略和智慧。

李嘉誠金言:你要別人信服,就必須付出雙倍使別人信服的努力。注重自己的名聲,努力工作、與人為善。遵守諾言,這樣對你的事業非常有幫助。

session 7

回到原来的教室,新鲜感不见了。。。
仿佛一切又从头来过。。。

小组讨论,我们决定做成语教学,对以后的华文教学,肯定有帮助的。。。。

加油。。。。。

session 6

去MEDIA STUDIO,发现一个NIE从不知道的地方。
CAN PLAY WII AND GAME.....SO FUNNY....